Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is essential for hard-to-abate industries such as cement, steel and chemicals because these sectors produce CO₂ through core industrial processes, not just from energy use.
Alternatives like electrification or hydrogen are often not viable at scale or cannot meet the technical demands of these industries. CCS enables significant emissions reductions without requiring the shutdown of long-lived infrastructure, making it a critical tool for meeting net-zero targets while maintaining industrial productivity.